Furnace or heat treatment chamber cooling means



June'30, 1931. E. L'. sMALLl-:Y 1811,979

FURNACE OR HEAT TREATMENT CHAMBER COOLING' MEANS Filed Feb. 9.l 1928 6Sheets-Sheet 1 WN m. E

INVENTOR.

June 30, A1 931.

FURNACE OR HEAT TREATMENT CHAMBER COOLING MEANS Filed Feb. 9. 1928ATTORNEY E. L. sMALLEY 1,811,979

6 Sheets-Sheet 2 June 30, 1931. E.' 1 sMALLEEY FURNACE OR HEAT TREATMENTCHAMBER COOLING MEANS Filed Feb. 9, 1928 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 ATTORNE 6Sheets-Sheet 4 INVENTOR.

Q, @S4/wom?, E :4 TToRNEY June 30, 1931. E. L. sMALLEY FURNACE OR HEATTREATMENT CHAMBER COOLING MEANS Filed Feb. 9. 1928 June 30, 1931.v E.sMALLEY 1,811,979

FURNACE OR HEAT TREATMENT CHAMBER COOLING MEANS Filed Feb. 9. 1928 6Sheets-Shea?l 5 INVEN TOR.

BY n @KK ATTORNEY;

June 30, 1931. l E. L. sMALLEY 1,811,979 v FURNACE on HEAT TREATMENTCHAMBER COOLING MEANS Fi led Feb. 9. 1928 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 j I Ew"- l lf @a f $79 ,V

INV EN TOR.

A ATTORNEY Patented June 30, 1931 UNirEo arras i iisiiaia PTE ED'WN'L;SMALLEY, OF VHITEFS-I BAY, WSGONS-, ASSIGNOR TO HEVI DUTY E|E0-TRCVCOMPANYVOF MILXVAUKEE, VIISCQNSIN, A COREOR-ATION OF WISCONSIN lFURNACE OR HEAT TREATMENT vGHALVI:Bl COOLING MEANS I Application filedFebruary 9, 1928. SerialNo. 253,199.V

My invention relates broadly to furnaces or heat treatment chambers andmore particularly to a method of cooling furnaces or heat treatmentchambers and the material ltherein without subjecting the materialwithlfor controlling the rate of such cooling.

Still another object of my invention is to provide a system of coolingheat treatment furnaces or chambers by conduction and convection heatcurrents around the charge with-V `iii 'the heat treatment furnace orchamber without subjecting the charge to contact with free air.

further object of my invention is to provide a construction of heattreatment fur- V``nace or cooling vchamber wherein heat within thechamber' ofthe furnace maybe removed at a predetermined rate for coolingthe charge within the furiiaceby means of a plurality offlues locatedaround the charge within the furnace for conveying cooling air aroundthe charge but out of contact therewith for absorbing heat from thecharge at a predetermined rate.

il. still further object of my invention is to provide a construction offurnaceor cooling chamber wherein the rate of cooling may be controlledby a'reduction in the' amount of heat insulation around the terminedtimes for controlling the cooling of the charge at a selected rate whilepreventing the oxdizing action which would result from the contactoffree air with the charge within the furnace. Y f

ther and further objects of my invention reside in the arrangement ofcontrol apparafurnacel at prede` tus for cooling means in heat treatmentfurnaces or chambers and the selective operation thereof for edectingthe cooling'of acharge along a predetermined temperature gradient over adefinite time period. A

--My invention will be more fully understood from the specificationhereinafter. fol

lowing by reference to the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is alateralfcross-sectional View a taken through the furnace structure ofkmy invention illustrating one arrangement of coolingiiues therein; Fig.2 is a longitudinal cross-sectioiial view through'. the furnaceillustrated in Fig. l with the cooling fiues shown partially in sideelevation and partially in cross-section Fig. 3 is a lateralcrosssectional view.' through a modified furnace structure'employing theprinciplesfof my invention; Fig. 4. is a longitudinal cross-sec tionalView takenonline-d through the furnace structure of Fig. 3; Fig. 5 isalongitudinal cross-sectional view'talzen on line 5 5 of Fig. 3 Fig. bisalateral cross-sectional view through a'cooling chamber having built,-in iiues constructed in accordance with my invention; Fig. 7" is acrossesectional view through a modified form of furnace and coolingchamber embodyingthe principles of my invention; Fig. 8 is asideelevation of the furnace shown in Fie'. 7 partially broken awayandillustrated in cross-section; Fior. 9 is a fragmentary Lvievv of theoperating structure forming the cooling means for the furnace and heattreatment chamber illustratedV in Fig. 7; Fig. 10 is a schematic wiringdiagram-I showing the mechanical and electrical equipment forautomatically controlling the heat and cooling-time-temperature cyclewherein the cooling system provides forced air circulation; and Fig. 11is a schematic wiring diagramV showing the arrangement of equipment forcontrolling thecooling cycle by removal of the insulation from the wallsof the furnace as illustrated in Figs. 7 8and9. i. My invention isdirected to a method of .fill

cooling furnaces or heat treatment chambers manual operation or controlof the cooling means, or automatically controlled means. By my inventionwhen either a furnace or a cooling` chamber is controlled automatically,it may be accomplished at a predetermined time-temperature-cycle. Theactual invention consists ofproviding a cooling means which ismechanically and electrically interlocked with a heating means, wherebythe cooling may be either retardedv or acceleratedeither` manually orautomatically controlled;

In numerous manufacturing processes at the present time, such as in theheat treatment of certain kinds of rolled. alloy steels or alloycastings; or in the manufacture of glassware and1 pottery, or otherceramic processes; or in the manufacture of malleable iron, it isextremely desirable to control the time of heating to a predeterminedtemperature, holding that temperature until the work is thoroughlysaturated and the changeof structure in the worlr effected, and thensubsequently to cool at a predetermined rate, or especially toaccelerate the cooling without detriment to the work in process, andthus save considerable manufacturing time.

'Ihe time of cooling depends on the total absorbed heat in the charge ofa furnace or cooling. chamber, and the radiation from the furnace walls.In a given. furnace, a lightr weight chargewill cool faster than a heavyweight charge, and this provides a means of atl a predetermined cooling`in a given time rate, regardlessof the weight of charge in the furnace.

Heretofore cooling has been effected by the introduction of free airinto` the furnace or cooling chamber, but this is highly undesirable,particularly in steel treatment, as it produces excessive oxidikzation.v

Heretofore it has been proposed to subject a selected charge lto heat.and then permit natural cooling thereof.y It, requires a considerabletimeperiod to effect such natural cooling. In one case heretoforeinvestigated to cool a six toncharge of miscellaneous steel castingsbynatural dissipation of the heat of thecharge through the furnace walls,without admission of free air to the furnace chamber, require-dvthirty-six hours. After the installationof the flues and coolingmethodsset forth herein, the same weight of charge was cooled without theadmission offres air in 221/2 hours. The complete cycle consists ofvstarting with the furnace comparatively cool, as at a temperatureresidue after-the previous `daylsrun, bringing the charge up to anannealing.temperature of 1600 to 165 o F., holdiitgl the furnace ,andVcharge until the charge is thoroughly .and uniformly saturated at one ofthose temperatures, and' then cooling as rapidly as possible to atemperature ,below avisible heat7 which is ,aboutA 850O F. Belowthattcmperature, castings may be subjected tofreeair circulationwithoutexcessive oxidization and without setting up strains in the castingsthat would be inherent if cooled teo rapidly.

The necessity for a cooling chamber in combination with a furnacechamber may be shown by the fact that the furnace chamber, having a carin which there are heating elements on the car top in accordance with E.L. Smalleys Patent No. 1,547,623, dated July 28, 1925 for electricalfurnaces, can heat a given weight of charge or mass density at the rateof three heats per day compared to'furnaces without car top heatrequiring 12 hours. In order to effect economic operatie-n of thefurnace the cooling period is advancedy by the system. herein describedto render thev furnace available to take a new charge within areasonable time period.

Referring to the drawings in more detailf erence character 1designatesa. supportsurface upon whichfoundation walls 2 mounted and a.rail system as represented at 3 over `which the car 4k operates. The car4 carries the material, represented in dotted; lines 6, which is tobesubjected to heat treatment. 'Il-he car bottom may be heated by means ofheaters 5 as illustrated, embedded inthe car 4 for imparting requiredheat to.

the material 6. The space within the heating chamber of. the furnace hasbeen designated at 8. A refractory lining 9 is provided for the furnaceand suitable heating coils designated .at 50 may be positioned. on theinterior of the refractory lining for the furnace.v An exterior coveringoffheat insulation representedat 10 is provided around the refractorybrick lining-9. Suitable heat sealing plates 51 and 52may be'disposedupon the surface structure and upon the car 4 foi preventing leakage of`heat from the interior of the furnace and preventing the admission offree air to the charge within the furnace. rlhe space between plates 51and 52 may be lilledwithany suitable sealing material, such as sand, forpreventing leakage of air tothe interior of the chamber.

In Figure 1, I have shown flues in the form of pipes 53 whichextendvertically along the side walls of the furnace and connect withhorizontally extending` manifoldsk 54 at each side of the furnace. Thevertically extending flues 53 are connected by risers 55 with an upperhorizontally extending manifold 56 which extends from a fan blower 57driven by motor. M. The discharge of the air which is suppliedfrommanifold 56 through risers 55 and flues 53 is exhausted at 59. Valvedampers 58 are positioned in the risers 55 and provide means forregulating the passage of cooling air through the iiues 55.

In lieu ofthe flues positioned interiorly of the furnace I may provideflues within the walls of the furnace structure, as shown in Figs. 3 and4. In this arrangement flues 15 are positioned verticalh7 in the wallsof the furnace' structure projected from horizontally extending flues 13and 14 and connecting laterally extending flues 16 in the top of thefurnace structure. The laterally extending iiues 16 terminates at risers17, which in turn connect with manifold 18 having exit port at 18a.Horizontally extending manifolds 13 and 14@ are supplied with airthrough pipe 12 from blower 11 which is driven by motor M1.

In order to regulate the passage of air through the flues 13, 111, 15,16 and 17, I provide valve dampers 19 in each of the flues forcontrolling to a desired degree the volume of cooling air passingthrough the flues for any given time period.

In Fig. 5 I have shown more clearly the arrangement of the verticalrisers 17 with respect to the manifold 18 in the furnace struc- Y ture.

In Fig. 6 I have shown the application of my invention to a coolingchamber which is independent of the furnace chamber. In this structureit will be observed that the heat insulation exterior covering has beenomitted from the cooling chamber system. The vertical flues 15 passthrough the fire brick lining 9 joining the laterally extending flue 16at the top of the cooling chainber, which in turn extends to the risers17. There is no heat insulation covering on the cooling chamber nor arethere Vany heaters on the interior walls of the cooling chamber.

In Figs` 7, 8 and 9 RM represents a reversible motor directly connectedto worm gear speed reducer 20, attached tol cable drum 7. Cable 21 runsover sheaves 22, where it is attached to cover 8 .as by screw eye 23.Motor RM, through mechanism as shown, controlled as in diagram Fig. 11,can

lraise cover 24 te its uppermost position shown in Fig. 9 from thenormal position in pit 59 shown in Figsg7 and 8, and can then lower itto closed position adjacent the heat insui-lation covering in successivecycles as required. This arrangement does not permit of freeair accessto the furnace chamber, but cooling is accelerated `by removing theinsulation from the arch, causing rapid radiation from the conductedheat through Vthe furnace arch.- I do not, however, intend my inventionto be limited to a hinged cover above the arch, as I may hinge thepanels on the side walls as effectively as above the arch.

llotors M, M1 and 'RM can be operated manually by the openingvandclosing of a service switch. Cable drum 7 of Figs. 7

8 and 9'may be operated manually by using a winch with a crank for handoperation,

' affording a means of raising the lowering cover 24 of Figs. 7, 8 and 9at will.

As a means of automatically accomplishing a predetermined rate ofheating, soakand cooling, I show diagrammatlcally ing in Fio's. 10 and11, wiring 'diagrams of an electrically operated control system.

l In Fig. 10,- 60 is a movable arm of a program controller, carrying acontact table 61, withv electrical contact L and electrical contact H.y62 is the customary form of pyrometer needle of said program controlledor time-temperature-cycle controller, actuated by thermocouple locatedin the furnace chainber or in a cooling chamber v(couple not shown).This movable pyrometer needle 62 is rotatable about a common center 63,which is concentric .with the center about which movable arm 60 isrotatable. 64 is a helical spring in tension, keeping lever arm 65 inconstant contact with the perimeter of cam 66. Cam 66 can be made tomake any required number of revolutions in any required time, as bymeans of a train of worm wheels and worms 68 and 69, respectively,driven by means of motor 70.

rIhe contour of cam 66 can be made of any shape that is required to movethe contact arm 60 across scale 71,'and'hold arm 60 at any position onscale 7l, and to reverse the movement of arm 60 backward to the startingpoint, and cause any action in a predetermined time cycle.

The train of worm wheels and worms is drawn toscale. If motor 70revolves at the rate of 1800 revolutions per minute,'cam 66 with thetrain as shown would revolve .972 revolutions per week, or less thanfour per month.

W hen the temperature in furnace 8, shown heatedby electric heatingcoils 56, is lbelow `the required temperature, the thermocouple actuatedneedle v62 will `be deflected until it makes contact with L, therebysetting up a circuit through line 72 through. the coil 73 of arelayswitch7/1 and thereby closing contact 7 5. .Closing offcontact 75energizes coil 76 of main line contacter and closes contacts 77, therebyapplying energy to coils 5() of furnace 8. rl`he rising temperature offurnacecauses thermocouple in furnace to become heated to a highertemperature and thus needle'62 of instrument is swayed away from contactL toward contact I-I, but not in contact with either, and thus yopenscircuit through line 72, de-energizing coils 73 and 76, and therebyopening main contacts 77.

TWhen furnace temperature again lowers, a recurrence of the same cycleof contacts and the same results will be edected. If the temperature ofthe furnace is such as to cause needlev 62 to poise between contacts Land Il, and simultaneously cam 66 through lever Y of increasing thetemperature in the furnace, i needle 62 will contact with Ii, andthereby set up a recurrence of the same circuits and results as abovedescribed.

lf the generation of heat by coils 50 of the furnace 8 is too great, thepyrometer needle G2 will be defiected to contact H, thereby setting up acurrent through line 7S and actuating coil 79 of relay 80, and closingrelay contact 8l. Line 82 thereby becomes energized, and by means ofcoil 88 of main contacter switches 84 closes the main contacter da andenergizes motor circuits and causes the running of motor M. Motor M isconnected to the fan blower. tarting the fan forces air circulationthrough the Wall flues l5 of Figs. 3 and fl or through the fines 58 ofcooling chamber of Figs. l and 2. Circulation air through such fluescauses en'raction of heat from the embedded iiues of Figs. 3 and e, orthe incorporated flues of Figs; l and 2. When sufcient air has beenblown through such flues as to cause a lowering of the temperature in acooling' chamber or in a furnace having flu-.es in the Wall of thefurnace, the pyrometer needle G2 will be deflected downward avay from H,thus opening the described line circuits and stopping motor M.

if, for any cause, the cooling chamber or furnace has not cooled at arate equal to the travel effected through cam action 66 such cani actionWill cause arm 60 With contact ta.- ble 6l to tra-vel toward the lowtemperature end of scale and subsequently contact H -will connect withneedle G2, thereby setting up energized circuit, same'as abovedescribed, and starting motor M, with the saine results as abovedescribed.

if the above method of operation is applied to a cooling chamber toassist only in the acceleration of the cooling time, then relay 7 3 andcontacter 77 and coils 50 in furnace 8` would be eliminated.

lf a furnace such as 8 is heated by oil or gas, then by means ofautomatically controlled valves, operated by a solenoid such as 73, ofWhich there are numerous styles available today, relay 73 and contacter76 can operate the valves of furnace for controlling the flow of gas oroil to give the same eii'ect as to temperature change as is afforded bycoils 50 in the diagram.

F ll is applicable only to the operation of the hinged cover in Figs. 7,8 and 9. Lines 7S, 85 and 72 correspond to the same numbered lines ofFig. l0. llfhen the temperature in chamber 8, shown heated by electricheating coils 50 is belen7 the required ten perature, the thermocoupleactuated needle 62v will be deflected until itmakes contact with L,thereby setting up a circuit through line 72, through the coils 7 3 ofaA relay switch 74, and thereby closing contact 7 5. Closing of contact75 energizes coil 76 of main line cont-actor and closes contacts 85,thereby applying energy to coils 50 of furnace 8. The rising temperatureof furnace causes thermocouple (not shown) in furnace to become heatedto a higher temperature, and thus vin contact With either,

needle 62'ofthe instrument is swayed away from contact L toward conta-ctH, but not and thus opens the circuit through line 72, cle-energizingcoils 73 and 76, andthereby opening the main contact-ors 85.

Limit switches 86 and 87 having` contacts S8 and S9 are mechanicallyinterloclaed, and are opened and closed by themovenient of cover inFigs. 7, 8 and 9. lVhcn cover 24 is in its closed position as described,contacts 88 are open and contacts 89 are closed. When the corer2st-reaches its upper limit as shown in F ig. 9, the reverse conditionrexists and contacts 88 are closed and 89 are open-ed.

When the electrical lines A, B and C attached 'to-coils 50 areclosed andcover 24 is closed-and contacts S8 are'open, no energizing of motor llfexists, and therefore no actio oe cover 2li results. f

When the furnace temperature again lowers, a recurrence of the sainecycle of contacts and the same 1esults will be effected. If thetemperature of the furnace is such as to cause needle to poise-betweencontacts L and H ano.-simultaneously cam 66 through lever 65 shouldcause arm 60 and contact table 6l to travel toward needle 62 for thepurpose of increasing the temperature in the furnace, necdle 62 willmaire Contact with L, thereby setup recurrence of the same circuits andresults as above described.

lVhen the generation of heat in the furnace, by coils 50 of furnace 8,is too great, pyrometer needle 62 will be deflected to contact H,thereby setting up a current through line 78 and actuating coil 79 ofrelay 8Oy by closing relay contact 8l. Line 82 thereby becomes energizedand by means 'of coil 83 of main contacter switches 90 closes the maincontacter 90 and energizes motor circuits 91, 92 andv93 of reversiblemotor RM. Motor RM is mounted as in description of Fig. 8. Motor RMoperates to raise cover 24- of Figs. 7 8 and 9, and when said coverreaches its upper-*aosition 24 in Fig. 9 it trips limit switches 86 and87 opening contacts 89 and closing contacts 88, thereby stopping motor.

TWhen sufficient cooling of the furnace or cooling chamberhas beeneffected by radiation from the thus exposed fire brick Wall of furnace,needle 62 is deflected to contact L, and thus again energizing coils 73and 76. and closing contacter S5. Contacts 88 of limit switch 86 havebeen left closed by the last previous operation, and contacts 89voflimit switch 87 have been left open. rlherefore, simultaneously, withthe energizing of heating coils 50, lines A, B and (j energize motor RM,causing motor to run in opposite direction to its last operation, aspolarity of motor connections is changed by the Wired connectionsbetween limit switches 86 and 87, as shown in diagram, and therebycloses cover 24.

A recurrence of similar conditions repeats the same cycles of operation.If similar control of the cooling cycle in a cooling chamber is to beeffected, furnace 8 should be considered as a cooling chamber, but itwould have no heatingv coils 50. Otherwise, the sameV circuits wouldapply, provided the thermocouple not shown were considered as installedin the cooling chamber.

IVhile I have disclosed systems of flues for performing the coolingoperations in heat treatment systems, in some instances I mayv provideports at selected positions 1n the heat chamber which may beautomatically opened f to permit free escape of heat by the automaticraising of cover 9.1i.

The cooling system of my invention has been found to be extremelypractical, and while I have described particular embodiments of myinvention, I desire that it be understood that modifications may bereadily made and that no limitations are intended upon my inventionother than are imposed by the scope of the appended claims.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent ofthe UnitedStates is as follows:

1. In a heat treatment apparatus, a chamber, a plurality of iuesextending vertically within said chamber and at opposite sides thereof,and horizontally extending manifolds interconnecting opposite ends ofsaid iiues for conveying a cooling mixture through said flues at apredetermined rate for controlling the temperature conditions existentwithin said chamber.

2. In a heat treatment apparatus, a chamber for material to be subjectedto heat treat-- ment, a plurality of iiues positioned in lateral planesalong the length of said chamber, manifolds interconnecting said fiuesat opposite ends thereof. and means for forcing a cooling mixturethrough said flues at a predetermined rate.

3. In a heat treatment apparatus, a chamber, a plurality of luespositioned adjacent the interior of said chamber, manifoldsinterconnecting the ends of said flues, and means for forcing a coolingmixture through said flues and manifolds at a predetermined rate forlowering the temperature of said chamber without the admission of freeair thereto. v 4. In a heat treatment apparatus for high temperatureheat treatment work, a furnace chamber, electrical means for heatingsaid chamber, a plurality of tlues extending in vertical paths in xedrelation to said chamber, a horizontally extending flue interconnectingthe ends of each of said plurality of flues and means ,for deenergizingsaid electrical` means and passing a cooling fluid through each of saidflues through la. predetermined time cycle for'controlling thetemperature conditions existent vwithin saidfurnace chamber without theadmission of free air.

5. In al heat treatment apparatus'for high i temperature heat treatmentwork, the combination of a heat treatment chamber, electrical means forheating said chamber, horizontal iues adapted to conduct a cooling iuidadjacent inner walls of said chamber and a multiplicity of verticalflues connected at their lower ends with said horizontal flues fordistributing said cooling fluid from said horizontal `flues whe-n saidelectrical means are deenergized. l

6. In a heat treatment apparatus for high temperature heat treatmentwork, the combination of a heat treatment chamber, electrical means forheating said chamber, hori- .zontallyv extending iiues adapted toconduct a cooling fluid adj acent the b-ase of the inner walls of saidchamber, a multiplicity of vertically yextending' flues connected attheir lower ends with said horizontally extending flues, and means forforcing a cooling fluid 1 through each of said ilues when saidelectrical means are deenergized.

7. In a heat treatment apparatus for high temperature heat treatmentwork, the combination of aheat treatment chamber, meansfor heating saidchamber, horizontally extending ues adjacent the base of said chamberadapted to conduct al coolingfluid adjacent inner Walls of said chamber,a plural-v ity of distributing flues connected with saidl horizontallyextending flues for establishing a multiplicity of vertically extendingcooling paths adjacent the inner walls of said chamber, and automaticmeans for cutting 0E said heating means and regulating the flow of saidcooling fluid through said flues for controlling the time temperaturecondition existent within said chamber.

8. In a heat treatment apparatus for high temperature heat treatmentwork, the combil nation of a heat treatment chamber, electrical meansfor heating said chamber, a horizontally extending flue in each sidewall of said chamber, a multiplicity of vertically extending fiuesconnected with said horizontally extending flues and adapted to conducta cooling fluid adjacent inner walls of said chamber, means fordeenergizing said electrical means and forcing a cooling fluid throughsaid flues, and automatic means for controlling the time temperaturecondition existent within said chamber.

9. In a heat treatment apparatus, a chamber for receiving material to besubjected to heat treatment, said chamber having opposite side wallsinterconnected bya top portion, an outlet manifold extendinglongitudinally and centrally of said chamber above the top portion'thereof, an independent horizontally extending inlet manifold disposedin the lower portion of each of said lside Walls and verticallyextending lines interconnecting said horizontally extending` manifoldWith said outlet manifold at spaced intervals along the length of saidchamber, and means 10 for regulating the passage' of air through saidmanifolds and flues.

10. In a heat treatment apparatus, a chamber having opposite side Wallsinterconnected by a top portion, lines disposed at intervals .15 along'the length of said lieat treatment apparatus and extending verticallyWithin said .side Walls and laterally across said top portion, ahorizontally extending manifold disposed adjacent the base of each ofsaid side walls and connected with each of said fines, and a dischargemanifold connectedwith the 'laterally extending porions of said fluesfor establishing a fluid circulating path through said flues from saidhorizontally extending manifolds. v

ll. In aheat treatment apparatus, a cha1nber having opposite side Wallsinterconnected by a top portion, .iues disposed at intervals along thelength of said heat treatment apparatus and extending vertically Withinsaid side Walls and laterally across said top portion, a horizontallyextending manifold disposed adjacent the base of each of said side Wallsand connect-ed with eachof said flues, a

discharge manifold extending longitudinally and centrally of said heattreatment chamber, fines interconnecting the laterally extending linesin the top portion of said chamber with said discharge manifold andmeans disposed in cach of said lastrmentioned flues for regulating theflow of circulatory fluid from said horizontally extending manifold tosaid discharge manifold.

In testimony whereof I affix my signature.

`i5 EDWIN L. sMALnY. l

